Fazal Malik, Canada
Preamble
The 1924 historic journey to England by Hazrat Mirza Bashir-ud-Din Mahmud Ahmad, Khalifatul Masih IIra — during which he also participated in the Conference on Some Living Religions Within the Empire, also known as the Wembley Conference — was a momentous event not only for the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat but also in the context of the wider world still reeling from the aftermath of World War I. This voyage to England was a profound leap into uncharted territories, echoing the grand-scale restructuring of the world seen in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Just as the leaders in Paris had the monumental task of redefining nations and principles in a world emerging from war’s shadows, Hazrat Khalifatul Masih IIra embarked on his journey with a vision to establish peace and religious harmony.
The conference
One of the reasons behind this historic journey was the Wembley Conference of 1924, set against the canvas of England’s famous and symbolic exhibition. This conference was envisaged as a platform where representatives from various religions of the British Empire would converge to elucidate the principles of their respective faiths. The proposal for this religious conference was put forth by socialist leader Mr William Loftus Hare, who was, at the time, a Director of Studies in Comparative Religion and Philosophy at the Theosophical Society. His vision was to align this grand exhibition with a spiritual dimension, thereby creating a confluence of culture, trade, and religion. This idea was well-received by the organisers of the exhibition, including orientalists, and a committee was formed under the auspices of the School of Oriental Studies at the University of London. The committee’s task was monumental: to organise a conference that would not only be an intellectual feast but also a beacon of religious harmony. It was a groundbreaking initiative in an era where interfaith dialogue was still in its nascent stages, and the presence of a leader from the Islamic world was of immense significance.
History behind the desire to send a representative to the Wembley Conference
The Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat, established in 1889 by Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmadas in Qadian, India, had already made strides in laying down the foundations of Islamic revival and interfaith dialogue. The Community, under its dynamic leadership, had been active in dispelling misconceptions about Islam and promoting its true, peaceful teachings. The decision of the second Khalifa to visit Europe was a testament to the Jamaat’s commitment to spreading a message of peace, harmony, and spiritual enlightenment.
The desire of Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmadas, Imam Mahdi, to reach out to the English-speaking world for purposes of tabligh has its roots in his early years. When, in obedience to his father’s desire, he moved to Sialkot for a court job in 1864, he entered a hub of evangelical Christian missionary activity. Despite having no prior English skills, these missionaries piqued Huzoor’sas curiosity. He began sitting in on their talks and debating eschatology and salvation, aiming to prove Islam’s excellence.
Huzooras started learning English. However, he never advanced beyond a rudimentary level. (Life of Ahmad [2008], p. 48) This early exposure sparked in him an interest in reaching English speakers with the message of Islam. On at least one occasion, Huzooras expressed his utmost desire that if he could learn English, he would go door-to-door to save humanity from false idols and disbelief, even if it cost him his life. (Malfuzat [1984], Vol. 3, pp. 291-292)
The enthusiasm and conviction, Huzooras first experienced, had ignited a lifelong calling to engage with Christians. (Tarikh-e-Ahmadiyya, Vol. 1, pp. 92-93)
The Promised Messiah’sas desire came to fruition years later when his Khalifa, Hazrat Mirza Bashir-ud-Din Mahmud Ahmadra, was invited to represent Islam in the heart of the British Empire. As the first Ahmadi Khalifa to leave India, Hazrat Khalifatul Masih IIra aimed to raise the flag of Islam and represent the teachings of Hazrat Muhammad Mustafasa in this historic journey.
The conference was highly significant for the religious communities it represented, particularly for the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat. This event was seen as an opportunity to introduce Islam to the West and as a fulfilment of various prophecies.
Understanding the era
In the 1920s, the small Community of the Promised Messiahas, guided by its Khalifa, endeavoured for betterment amidst post-war uncertainties. The world around them was rapidly transforming, marked by social revolutions and political complexities, showcasing the contrast between localised efforts for stability and the widespread dynamism of the era.
During the Roaring Twenties, there was remarkable cultural, social, and economic progress. Technological advancements, such as the radio and automobile, transformed daily life, while the arts and literature flourished, reflecting the period’s complexities and contradictions. Yet, beneath the surface of glamour and prosperity, underlying tensions and disparities, along with economic inequality and political extremism, continued to gnaw at the fragile fabric of society.
The British Empire, at its zenith in territorial terms, was confronting challenges both at home and abroad. Weakened after the war, they confronted growing nationalism in colonies. This era saw heightened interest in spiritual matters – people sought solace in religious movements, fueling a resurgence in interfaith dialogue.
It was in this climate that the 1924 Wembley Conference aimed to foster unity among faiths, reflecting a quest for stability through mutual respect. Hazrat Khalifatul Masih’sra participation was profound – an Islamic voice engaging the Western world at a critical juncture.
His journey offered perspectives to a predominantly Christian audience, participating in post-war conversations on religion’s role in peace-building. This came as Islam articulated its modern identity, confronting stereotypes and furthering meaningful dialogue.
Who should be sent to attend the conference?
As the world of 1924 bustled with the usual stirrings of progress and change among unfolding chaos, a significant development was developing within the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat, one that would have far-reaching implications. This was the prelude to a historic journey – the preparations for a momentous venture that would take Hazrat Khalifatul Masih IIra to the heart of the Western world.
The idea for the journey germinated from the upcoming Wembley Conference, a confluence of religious thought leaders set against the backdrop of a grand exhibition in England. It was a unique platform where different faiths could present the tenets of their beliefs. For the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat, this was not just an invitation; it was a blessed opportunity to articulate the essence of Islam to a global audience.
Hazrat Khalifatul Masih IIra convened a Shura [consultative assembly], seeking the opinion of the members of the Jamaat on who should represent Islam Ahmadiyyat. The discussions were profound, weighing the significance of his personal attendance against logistical and strategic considerations.
As news of the conference reached Qadian, it stirred a wave of planning. Hazrat Khalifatul Masih IIra, known for his sagacious leadership, was at the forefront of this deliberative process. A meeting was convened to discuss the most suitable response. The options were weighed with careful thought. The Jamaat could do as it normally does and send a seasoned missionary to present its teachings. However, this time was different altogether and the organisers had made requests for the blessed attendance of Hazrat Khalifatul Masihra. The majority leaned towards the latter, seeing it as a monumental opportunity for direct engagement with the Western world. Huzoorra agreed to the advice and history was made.
This pivotal moment was not just about a leader attending a conference; it was about showcasing the essence of Islamic teachings to a global audience at a time when misconceptions and stereotypes about Islam were rampant. It was an opportunity to present a narrative of Islam that spoke of its true, peaceful, and compassionate nature. This narrative was much needed in the global discourse of the time, as it is now.
I. The consultation process and the ultimate decision
The consultation process and the ultimate decision leading up to the journey of Hazrat Khalifatul Masih II’sra to Europe in 1924 exemplifies a harmonious blend of spiritual guidance, Islamic values, and visionary leadership within the Jamaat.
At the heart of this process was the principle of Shura, or consultative decision-making. Rooted in Islamic teachings, Shura emphasises collective deliberation and counsel in important matters. Huzoorra, initiated discussions with key members of the Community. It was a leader seeking the insights and perspectives of his companions, reflecting the inclusive and participatory ethos of the Community as per the command of the Holy Quran. (Surah ash-Shura, Ch.42, V.39)
The consultative assembly convened by Hazrat Khalifatul Masih IIra after the Asr prayer on 16 May 1924 was a critical forum. It was here that diverse viewpoints were expressed, each carrying its own weight and significance. Some advocated for the Khalifa himself to attend the conference in London, seeing in this an unparalleled opportunity for the propagation of Islam. Others suggested sending a representative, considering the risks and challenges of such a journey for the Khalifa.
The consultative ethos of the decision-making process was further enhanced by seeking the opinion of the external Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Huzoorra penned a letter to the Community members, elucidating the situation and the options at hand.
Central to the decision-making process was the role of spiritual guidance. Huzoorra and the Jamaat members engaged in istikhara – seeking guidance from Allah through prayers. This spiritual dimension was pivotal, indicating a deep-rooted belief in divine will and guidance in all affairs.
This process also highlighted the visionary aspect of Huzoor’sra leadership. Understanding the broader implications of the journey, he foresaw its potential to enhance the global presence of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and present the true, peaceful teachings of Islam to a Western audience. His willingness to personally undertake this journey, despite the physical and logistical challenges, spoke volumes about his commitment and dedication to the cause and his courage to tread new paths.
II. The consultation: Pros and cons
(Derived from Hazrat Musleh-e-Maud’sra special message, dated 14 May 1924)
This process can be analysed through its pros and cons, providing a comprehensive understanding of the intricacies involved.
Pros:
1. Inclusive consultation: The decision to convene a consultative assembly demonstrated a commitment to inclusive decision-making. It allowed for a diversity of opinions and perspectives to be heard, ensuring that the decision was well-rounded and considered various viewpoints.
2. Democratic approach: Seeking the opinion of the wider Community displayed a democratic approach. This fostered a sense of responsibility and involvement among Jamaat members.
3. Spiritual guidance: The incorporation of istikhara, seeking divine guidance, added a spiritual dimension to the decision-making process. This reflected the Community’s deep faith and reliance on divine will in crucial matters.
4. Leadership vision: Huzoor’sra willingness to consider personally attending the conference showcased his visionary leadership. It underscored his commitment to propagating the message of Islam and leveraging the opportunity to make a global impact.
Cons:
1. Potential risk to health and safety: Huzoor’sra personal involvement in the journey carried risks, particularly considering his health and the logistical challenges of such a long-distance journey at the time.
2. Resource allocation: The significant expenses involved in the journey, especially with the plan for Huzoorra to bear personal expenses and the Community to cover the costs for accompanying members, raised concerns about resource allocation.
3. Uncertainty of impact: While the opportunity to present Islam’s message at an international conference was promising, there was no guarantee of the impact or reception it would have.
4. Divergent opinions and potential discontent: The decision-making process, while inclusive, also brought to light divergent opinions within the Community. Those opposed to the journey had concerns about the implications of Khalifa’s absence from the Centre [Markaz]. (Tarikh-e-Ahmadiyyat, Vol. 4, pp. 423-427)
The decision-making process was a delicate balance of various factors, each with its merits and drawbacks. However, we see that the Khalifatul Masihra, through the divine command of istikhara showcases the Community’s strength and reflects the Community’s foundational belief in divine guidance. The visionary leadership of Huzoorra was a significant pro, as it demonstrated foresight and commitment to a more significant cause. The entire process was a testament to spiritually guided decision-making, albeit not without its challenges and risks.
Preparation for the journey: Highlighting the singular focus of the Khalifa
“I am touring Europe so that I may observe the religious condition of Europe with my own eyes and make an accurate assessment to aid me in devising an ongoing scheme for the propagation of Islam in these countries. And my purpose is that I desire to raise the flag of peace in the world; therefore, I must observe the elements that bring the East and West together.” (Al Fazl, 29 November 1924)
This statement by Huzoorra encapsulates the essence of his journey. It was not just about representing the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community; it was about understanding the nuances that unite different cultures and religions. This meant stepping out of the geographical confines of the Community’s base, venturing into unfamiliar territories, and addressing a diverse and potentially challenging audience. There was a sense of solemnity mixed with anticipation: Huzoorra was about to step onto a world stage, carrying the message of Islam’s peace and compassion.
The preparations for the journey were extensive and meticulous. It was a period marked by intense spiritual reflection and prayer. Huzoorra and members of the Community engaged in istikhara – a prayer seeking guidance from Allah – to ascertain the divine Will in this undertaking. This spiritual exercise underscored the Community’s reliance on divine guidance in all its major decisions.
Moreover, the journey was not just a physical movement from East to West. It was laden with symbolic significance – a journey of Islamic teachings from their birthplace to a land unfamiliar with its true essence. It represented a bridge being built between civilisations, an effort to dispel myths and bring to light the authentic teachings of Islam, which misinterpretations and cultural barriers had long overshadowed.
One of the most significant aspects of the preparation was the authoring of the Paper that was to be read at the Conference. This work was to be presented at the conference, highlighting Khalifa’s dedication to using this opportunity to articulate the Ahmadiyya Muslim perspective on Islam comprehensively.
Hazrat Khalifatul Masih IIra was personally involved in every aspect of the preparation, from writing the key literature to overseeing the logistical arrangements. This involvement exemplified his commitment and the immense importance he placed on the journey.
Deputy arrangements in Qadian
Huzoor’sra commitment to the welfare and continuity of the Community’s activities during his absence led to the establishment of a deputy system in Qadian. This was a strategic move to ensure that the Community’s functioning remained seamless and effective, reflecting his foresight and meticulous planning.
The appointment of deputies ensured that the day-to-day affairs of the Community continued seamlessly in the absence of the Khalifatul Masihra. It highlighted the importance Huzoorra placed on maintaining uninterrupted leadership and governance.
The formation of a consultative council (Majlis-e-Shura) with 14 members ensured that diverse viewpoints were considered in decision-making.
Despite its importance, the establishment of this system was not without its challenges. The Community was accustomed to direct guidance from the Khalifa, and adapting to a deputy system required trust and significant adjustment.
Another challenge was maintaining effective communication channels between the deputies in Qadian and Huzoorra in Europe. Any lapse in communication could lead to delays or misunderstandings in decision-making.
The deputy arrangements in Qadian are a testament to Huzoor’sra meticulous planning and understanding of effective leadership dynamics. Despite potential challenges, this move was instrumental in maintaining the stability and continuity of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat’s operations, illustrating Khalifa’s commitment to the well-being and progress of his Community.
The journey
As Hazrat Khalifatul Masih IIra prepared for departure, there was a palpable sense of expectation and responsibility. This was not just a journey for the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community; it was a journey for Islam itself, a journey to sow the seeds of understanding and peace in the hearts of people across continents. The farewell was not merely a physical parting but symbolised a moment of trust and faith. It was a testament to the strength and resilience of the Community, now entrusted to the capable hands of the deputies in his absence.
The farewell and departure of the Khalifatul Masihra from Qadian in 1924 marked a profoundly emotional and historic moment for the entire Jamaat. It was the first time a Khalifa would leave their homeland, akin to parents stepping away from their home while their children were still in the tender stages of infancy. As dawn broke on the day of departure, a palpable sense of anticipation and somberness enveloped Qadian. The Community members, akin to a family watching their guardian embark on a significant journey, gathered in large numbers. Their faces mirrored a complex array of emotions – pride for the monumental task ahead, coupled with a deep sense of longing and concern. Huzoorra, standing amidst his followers, mirrored the same emotional depth.
The scene of departure was stirring – the final prayers at the blessed grave of the Promised Messiahas, the tearful goodbyes, and the last glances exchanged. These moments were imbued with a profound sense of devotion and sacrifice. The emotional weight of the occasion was evident as Huzoorra and the companions set forth on their journey, leaving behind a Community that stood strong, yet with hearts filled with prayers and eyes brimming with tears.
Conclusion
The 1924 voyage of Hazrat Khalifatul Masih IIra to England bore profound significance. This marked a turning point in the history of the Jamaat, setting the stage for a new era of outreach and dialogue that would resonate far beyond the boundaries of nations and religions. His participation in the Wembley Conference represented the fulfilment of divine prophecy – a testimony to the far-reaching vision of the Promised Messiahas. His very footsteps on European land, his powerful voice resonating Allah’s message to receptive ears in London, actualised Imam Mahdias dreams through divine orchestration. The All-Mighty spoke, the mortal yearned, and destiny delivered. The path paved by Khalifatul Masih IIra in 1924 remains critically relevant today in uniting the Muslim Ummah, fractured by toxicity and radicalisation. It illuminates the way forward with moral resilience.
On 12 December 1924, shortly after his return, Huzoorra delivered a powerful message with deep spiritual and religious significance. It was a heartfelt call to the believers to turn towards God with sincerity and devotion. Huzoorra stated:
“I call upon my Jamaat, those present here and those who are outside [of Qadian], with complete faith and belief in Allah, Who is the Lord of the worlds, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful, and the Master of the Day of Judgment, towards the voice found in اِيَّاکَ نَعۡبُدُ [‘Thee alone do we worship.’]. The world does not remain in one state; times change, and some servants among human beings who are extremely useful and effective in terms of means depart from this world. Therefore, I call you all towards that one cave and shelter, outside of which you cannot remain safe and secure. O those who say اِيَّاکَ نَعۡبُدُ وَاِيَّاکَ نَسۡتَعِيۡنُ [‘Thee alone do we worship and Thee alone do we implore for help.’], do not be like the child who thinks there is money in the pocket of his coat, while it is completely empty.
“So do not utter اِيَّاکَ نَعۡبُدُ وَاِيَّاکَ نَسۡتَعِيۡنُ with your tongue if your hearts are devoid of this reality. Reflect on your conditions. Your states are weaker than even a feeble child. Seeing your conditions, I am overcome with a state of frenzy. A small child does not separate from his mother in the jungle. I also advise you not to separate from Allah, who loves you more than a mother.
“I have travelled halfway across the world and have observed that everywhere, you are being opposed. Neither your lives nor your possessions are safe in any country. Nothing can provide you with protection and refuge except one door, where you can find shelter, and that is in the lap of Allah Almighty, which is a greater place of protection than even a mother and father. I find my body devoid of strength, but I know that if you heed my advice, Allah Almighty will protect you in every era. Abandon fights and quarrels. Rectify your affairs. Do not make anything in this world your god. Today, there is no true worship of Allah Almighty anywhere in the world. So do not make yourselves deserving of His punishments due to your sloth and negligence. In the Battle of Badr, the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, wept and prayed, saying, ‘O Allah, if You destroy this small Community, then there will be none left in the world to worship You.’ Therefore, carry out the service you have taken upon yourselves with full attention.” (Khutbat-e-Mahmud, Vol. 8, pp. 537-538)